Micron Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Banachalgebra</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banachalgebra"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Banachalgebra rootpage-Banachalgebra skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Banachalgebra</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Banachalgebren</b> (nach <a href="Stefan_Banach" title="Stefan Banach">Stefan Banach</a>) sind mathematische Objekte der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a>, die einige bekannte <a href="Funktionenraum" title="Funktionenraum">Funktionenräume</a> und <a href="Operatoralgebra" title="Operatoralgebra">Operatorenalgebren</a> anhand wesentlicher gemeinsamer Eigenschaften verallgemeinern, z.&nbsp;B. Räume <a href="Stetige_Funktion" title="Stetige Funktion">stetiger</a> oder <a href="Integrierbare_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrierbare Funktion">integrierbarer</a> Funktionen oder Algebren stetiger <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">linearer Operatoren</a> auf <a href="Banachraum" title="Banachraum">Banachräumen</a>.
</p><p>Eine Banachalgebra ist ein <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a>, in dem zusätzlich auch eine Multiplikation und eine <a href="Norm_(Mathematik)" title="Norm (Mathematik)">Norm</a> so definiert sind, dass gewisse Verträglichkeitsbedingungen erfüllt sind.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58e3b27e2962538b0c9e94c0721df92586603b08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+)}" loading="lazy"></span> über dem <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaa0cac96c9853f0cba61605679cf8963983b5d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.585ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen</a> oder <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen Zahlen</a> mit einer <a href="Norm_(Mathematik)" title="Norm (Mathematik)">Norm</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\|\cdot \right\|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\|\cdot \right\|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/241e211725cfe4478a7d07adcec157ad892a9455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.972ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\|\cdot \right\|}" loading="lazy"></span> und einem <a href="Produkt_(Mathematik)" title="Produkt (Mathematik)">Produkt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \circ \colon {\mathcal {A}}\times {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \circ \colon {\mathcal {A}}\times {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c584a3326919e88bbfde75af43fde0a712baadb1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.361ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \circ \colon {\mathcal {A}}\times {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine Banachalgebra, wenn gilt:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\left\|\cdot \right\|)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\left\|\cdot \right\|)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b48f7e78a8477dc90ed480c2f22e443e5f610ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\left\|\cdot \right\|)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein <a href="Banachraum" title="Banachraum">Banachraum</a>, also ein <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Raum" title="Vollständiger Raum">vollständiger</a> <a href="Normierter_Raum" title="Normierter Raum">normierter Vektorraum</a>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\circ )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\circ )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2353d180d502ed80bbd1cfbf065c9e857c38644f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.751ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\circ )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine assoziative <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1848c435e64864e9ad4efa7e46bd6bc900c35c99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Algebra_(Struktur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebra (Struktur)">Algebra</a>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\circ B\|\leq \|A\|\cdot \|B\|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\circ B\|\leq \|A\|\cdot \|B\|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3b9ebd4ea52836555e7c9853dbcf23b1804b794.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.961ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\circ B\|\leq \|A\|\cdot \|B\|}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4421a5a8038b5bc216ecd10ffaff12028c22fbae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.285ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, d.&nbsp;h. die Norm ist <a href="Submultiplikativit%C3%A4t" title="Submultiplikativität">submultiplikativ</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Wie auch in der Algebra allgemein üblich wird das Symbol für das Produkt gern weggelassen, nur im Falle der <a href="Faltung_(Mathematik)" title="Faltung (Mathematik)">Faltung</a> wird oft das Symbol <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle *}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle *}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e9972f426d9e07855984f73ee195a21dbc21755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle *}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet.
Verlangt man von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\left\|\cdot \right\|)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\left\|\cdot \right\|)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b48f7e78a8477dc90ed480c2f22e443e5f610ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},+,\left\|\cdot \right\|)}" loading="lazy"></span> nur, dass es sich um einen normierten Raum handelt, das heißt, man verzichtet auf die Vollständigkeit, so erhält man den allgemeineren Begriff der <a href="Normierte_Algebra" title="Normierte Algebra">normierten Algebra</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spezielle_Klassen_von_Banachalgebren">Spezielle Klassen von Banachalgebren</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banach-*-Algebra_oder_involutive_Banachalgebra"><span id="Banach-.2A-Algebra_oder_involutive_Banachalgebra"></span>Banach-*-Algebra oder involutive Banachalgebra</h3></div>
<p>Eine Banach-*-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>) ist eine Banachalgebra über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> zusammen mit einer <a href="Involution_(Mathematik)" title="Involution (Mathematik)">Involution</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{*}\colon {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}},\,a\mapsto a^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{*}\colon {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}},\,a\mapsto a^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9673124e5c88b21c018b30871e5e203de61ad8e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.058ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{*}\colon {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}},\,a\mapsto a^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass
</p>
<table style="height:5em;">

<tbody><tr>
<td>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall a\in {\mathcal {A}}:(a^{*})^{*}=a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall a\in {\mathcal {A}}:(a^{*})^{*}=a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fae68affc03f39af79b96ad4415d58f18c69e72f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.679ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall a\in {\mathcal {A}}:(a^{*})^{*}=a}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
</td>
<td>(involutiv)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall a,b\in {\mathcal {A}}:(ab)^{*}=b^{*}a^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall a,b\in {\mathcal {A}}:(ab)^{*}=b^{*}a^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/709921dfac04ba6e0d5ea2d98f72df9f08e69f2c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall a,b\in {\mathcal {A}}:(ab)^{*}=b^{*}a^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
</td>
<td>(anti-multiplikativ)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall a,b\in {\mathcal {A}}:\forall z,w\in \mathbb {C} :(za+wb)^{*}={\bar {z}}a^{*}+{\bar {w}}b^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall a,b\in {\mathcal {A}}:\forall z,w\in \mathbb {C} :(za+wb)^{*}={\bar {z}}a^{*}+{\bar {w}}b^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b8463909ea11d71dd02b0ebdaa9543fc5021b20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall a,b\in {\mathcal {A}}:\forall z,w\in \mathbb {C} :(za+wb)^{*}={\bar {z}}a^{*}+{\bar {w}}b^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> &nbsp; &nbsp;</li></ul>
</td>
<td>(semilinear, anti-linear oder <a href="Komplexe_Zahl#Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Zahl">konjugiert</a> linear)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall a\in {\mathcal {A}}:\|a\|=\|a^{*}\|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall a\in {\mathcal {A}}:\|a\|=\|a^{*}\|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/869cdcf612aab826d683cd1259dee96b23d6f35f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.466ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall a\in {\mathcal {A}}:\|a\|=\|a^{*}\|}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
</td>
<td>(isometrisch)
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In anderen Worten, eine Banach-*-Algebra ist eine Banachalgebra und zugleich eine *-Algebra mit einer isometrischen Involution. Manche Autoren lassen die Bedingung der Isometrie fort und sprechen dann gegebenenfalls von einer <i>Banach-*-Algebra mit isometrischer Involution</i>. Die meisten in natürlicher Weise auftretenden Involutionen auf Banachalgebren sind allerdings isometrisch.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C*-Algebren_und_Von-Neumann-Algebren"><span id="C.2A-Algebren_und_Von-Neumann-Algebren"></span>C*-Algebren und Von-Neumann-Algebren</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="C*-Algebra" title="C*-Algebra">C*-Algebra</a> und <a href="Von-Neumann-Algebra" title="Von-Neumann-Algebra">Von-Neumann-Algebra</a></i></div>
<p>Die Banachalgebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B(H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B(H)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db87fc6eb85eaaaca37af02c2de73bf560157f7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.637ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B(H)}" loading="lazy"></span> der stetigen <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">linearen Operatoren</a> über einem <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> motiviert die folgende Definition:
Eine Banachalgebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, auf der zusätzlich eine semilineare antimultiplikative Involution <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle *\colon {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}},x\mapsto x^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle *\colon {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}},x\mapsto x^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2957b90040d696b2a0d290e2e1791c593e011072.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.979ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle *\colon {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}},x\mapsto x^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben ist, heißt <a href="C*-Algebra" title="C*-Algebra">C*-Algebra</a>, wenn die sogenannte C*-Bedingung erfüllt ist:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|x^{*}x\|=\|x\|^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|x^{*}x\|=\|x\|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fd31b4c56fc14c312650abb73b884909d7ec52c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.846ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|x^{*}x\|=\|x\|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/277eee6528cde4b8ca0987644dd8314298c91585.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.074ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Solche Banachalgebren lassen sich auf <a href="Hilbertraum-Darstellung" title="Hilbertraum-Darstellung">Hilberträumen darstellen</a>. Sind diese dann in einer gewissen Topologie in der <a href="Operatoralgebra" title="Operatoralgebra">Operatorenalgebra</a> über dem Hilbertraum <a href="Abgeschlossene_Menge" title="Abgeschlossene Menge">abgeschlossen</a>, so nennt man sie <a href="Von-Neumann-Algebra" title="Von-Neumann-Algebra">Von-Neumann-Algebren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<ul><li>Jeder Banachraum wird mit der Null-Multiplikation, d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle xy}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle xy}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c72eb345e496513fb8b2fa4aa8c4d89b855f9a01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.485ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle xy}" loading="lazy"></span>=0 für alle Elemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ea0abffd33a692ded22accc104515a032851dff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.519ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y}" loading="lazy"></span> des Banachraums, zu einer Banachalgebra.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakter Raum</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}(K)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}(K)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de4f2fab11da8757bfdf06a967be17fcb52ac01e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}(K)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Raum der stetigen Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon K\to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon K\to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d1dd5e865f7213404b5f20b6b892699f0314b8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.671ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon K\to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Mit den punktweisen Operationen und der durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{*}(x):={\overline {f(x)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{*}(x):={\overline {f(x)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3caf3530ee03469afb81b995c9cad0b470503492.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.792ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{*}(x):={\overline {f(x)}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Konjugation">komplexe Konjugation</a>) definierten Involution und der Supremumsnorm <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|f\|:=\sup _{x\in K}|f(x)|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">sup</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|f\|:=\sup _{x\in K}|f(x)|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8412a469366e617d22f72adef390b665ceda0dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:16.948ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|f\|:=\sup _{x\in K}|f(x)|}" loading="lazy"></span> wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}(K)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}(K)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de4f2fab11da8757bfdf06a967be17fcb52ac01e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}(K)}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einer kommutativen C<sup>*</sup>-Algebra. Ebenso lassen sich der Raum der <a href="Beschr%C3%A4nkte_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Beschränkte Funktion">beschränkten</a> <a href="Komplexwertige_Funktion" title="Komplexwertige Funktion">komplexwertigen Funktionen</a> auf einem <a href="Topologischer_Raum" title="Topologischer Raum">topologischen Raum</a> (was mittels der <a href="Stone-%C4%8Cech-Kompaktifizierung" title="Stone-Čech-Kompaktifizierung">Stone-Čech-Kompaktifizierung</a> gleichwertig ist) oder der Raum der <a href="C0-Funktion" title="C0-Funktion">C<sub>0</sub>-Funktionen</a>, der stetigen Funktionen auf einem <a href="Lokalkompakter_Raum" title="Lokalkompakter Raum">lokalkompakten Raum</a>, die im Unendlichen verschwinden, betrachten.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> der Einheitskreis in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(D)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(D)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e74e4230535c668fa1fbcdc9127ba7288bb6d62f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.477ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(D)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Algebra mit stetigen Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon D\to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon D\to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0aa987fddd180b13b032cb4d2d90ef288eb20697.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.529ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon D\to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>, die im <a href="Innerer_Punkt" title="Innerer Punkt">Inneren</a> von D <a href="Holomorphie" class="mw-redirect" title="Holomorphie">holomorph</a> sind. Mit den punktweisen Operationen und der durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{*}(z):={\overline {f({\overline {z}})}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{*}(z):={\overline {f({\overline {z}})}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35926f3a996ff3cff38f0b8313920289209d7442.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.428ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{*}(z):={\overline {f({\overline {z}})}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Konjugation">komplexe Konjugation</a>) definierten Involution und der Supremumsnorm wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(D)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(D)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e74e4230535c668fa1fbcdc9127ba7288bb6d62f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.477ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(D)}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einer kommutativen Banach-*-Algebra, die keine C<sup>*</sup>-Algebra ist. Diese Banachalgebra nennt man auch die <a href="Diskalgebra" title="Diskalgebra">Diskalgebra</a>.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Banachraum, so ist die Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B(V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B(V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3240b15b8d5cc8b968454438e642b397e0f4414c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.361ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B(V)}" loading="lazy"></span> der stetigen, <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">linearen Operatoren</a> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Banachalgebra, die im Falle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \dim V>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>dim</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \dim V&gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/feff247757488dfda2768e5b2e87ccccb299411f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.31ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \dim V>1}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht kommutativ ist. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B(V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B(V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3240b15b8d5cc8b968454438e642b397e0f4414c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.361ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B(V)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine C<sup>*</sup>-Algebra.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Die <a href="Spurklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Spurklasse">Spurklasse</a> und die <a href="Hilbert-Schmidt-Klasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilbert-Schmidt-Klasse">Hilbert-Schmidt-Klasse</a>, oder allgemeiner die <a href="Schatten-Klasse" title="Schatten-Klasse">Schatten-Klassen</a>, sind Beispiele für nicht-kommutative Banach-*-Algebren, die keine C<sup>*</sup>-Algebren sind.</li></ul>
<ul><li>In der <a href="Harmonische_Analyse" title="Harmonische Analyse">harmonischen Analyse</a> werden die Banach-*-Algebren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e10e36f941f2b8fec8f9c058ebefd8ac69609b97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt die <a href="Faltung_(Mathematik)" title="Faltung (Mathematik)">Faltungsalgebren</a> über einer <a href="Lokalkompakte_Gruppe" title="Lokalkompakte Gruppe">lokalkompakten Gruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="H*-Algebra" title="H*-Algebra">H*-Algebren</a> sind involutive Banachalgebren, die gleichzeitig Hilberträume sind, zusammen mit einer Zusatzbedingung, die die Involution mit der Hilbertraumstruktur verknüpft.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grundlagen">Grundlagen</h2></div>
<p>Es werden einige Grundlagen der Theorie der Banachalgebren besprochen, die ein Zusammenspiel zwischen algebraischen und topologischen Eigenschaften zeigen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Das_Einselement">Das Einselement</h3></div>
<p>Viele der oben genannten Beispiele sind Banachalgebren ohne ein <a href="Einselement" class="mw-redirect" title="Einselement">Einselement</a>.
Wird dennoch ein Einselement benötigt, so kann man eines <a href="Adjunktion_(Einselement)" title="Adjunktion (Einselement)">adjungieren</a>.
In vielen Fällen gibt es in diesen Banachalgebren <a href="Approximation_der_Eins" title="Approximation der Eins">Approximationen der Eins</a>; dies ist ein topologisches Konstrukt, das oft einen Ersatz für das fehlende Einselement darstellt.
Das gilt insbesondere für C*-Algebren und die Gruppenalgebren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e10e36f941f2b8fec8f9c058ebefd8ac69609b97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Gruppe_der_invertierbaren_Elemente">Die Gruppe der invertierbaren Elemente</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Banachalgebra mit Einselement 1, so ist die Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\times }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\times }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d75f91c304bfaa85e395c63566d7c05146057041.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\times }}" loading="lazy"></span> der invertierbaren Elemente <a href="Offene_Menge" title="Offene Menge">offen</a>. Ist nämlich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26329067b4b3630a2bb6f7e6b3ee367b70918371.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.581ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> invertierbar und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a97387981adb5d65f74518e20b6785a284d7abd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.814ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|a-b\|<{\tfrac {1}{\|b^{-1}\|}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|a-b\|&lt;{\tfrac {1}{\|b^{-1}\|}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51d529ab3d6618352d21112bee285a6be7e32afd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.546ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|a-b\|<{\tfrac {1}{\|b^{-1}\|}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> invertierbar, denn leicht überlegt man sich, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle b^{-1}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }((b-a)b^{-1})^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle b^{-1}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }((b-a)b^{-1})^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec6660f4bf3f7001a314092f97f83f4b498091a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.725ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle b^{-1}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }((b-a)b^{-1})^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> konvergiert und das Inverse zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Ferner ist das Invertieren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\mapsto a^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\mapsto a^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e90e11f38cbf613dbd57c32a51905d8d162f0a4c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.406ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\mapsto a^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Abbildung auf der Gruppe der invertierbaren Elemente stetig. Daher ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\times }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\times }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d75f91c304bfaa85e395c63566d7c05146057041.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\times }}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Topologische_Gruppe" title="Topologische Gruppe">topologische Gruppe</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Das_Spektrum">Das Spektrum</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a> spielt die Menge der <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwerte</a> einer Matrix eine wichtige Rolle bei der Untersuchung der Matrizen, d.&nbsp;h. der Elemente der Banachalgebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B({\mathbb {K} }^{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B({\mathbb {K} }^{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7f1a2428b602e3511aa99b20c065d97b0672e42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.6ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B({\mathbb {K} }^{n})}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Dies verallgemeinert sich zum Begriff des Spektrums:
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>-Banachalgebra mit Einselement.
Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a97387981adb5d65f74518e20b6785a284d7abd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.814ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das <a href="Spektrum_(Operatortheorie)" title="Spektrum (Operatortheorie)">Spektrum</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (a):=\{\lambda \in {\mathbb {C} }:a-\lambda \cdot 1\notin A^{\times }\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>∉<!-- ∉ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (a):=\{\lambda \in {\mathbb {C} }:a-\lambda \cdot 1\notin A^{\times }\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e482c6af550dfb588e40b8dee66877f260040187.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.612ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (a):=\{\lambda \in {\mathbb {C} }:a-\lambda \cdot 1\notin A^{\times }\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakt</a> und nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Gelfand-Mazur" title="Satz von Gelfand-Mazur">Satz von Gelfand-Mazur</a> nicht leer. Für den Spektralradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(a):=\sup\{|\lambda |:\lambda \in \sigma (a)\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">sup</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(a):=\sup\{|\lambda |:\lambda \in \sigma (a)\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51ef0fff6691c17d7f3cd92775fd3d11dbd67821.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.81ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(a):=\sup\{|\lambda |:\lambda \in \sigma (a)\}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt die Formel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle r(a)=\lim _{n\to \infty }\|a^{n}\|^{1/n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle r(a)=\lim _{n\to \infty }\|a^{n}\|^{1/n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/879affb0ce622630b89178532105da128874d099.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.943ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle r(a)=\lim _{n\to \infty }\|a^{n}\|^{1/n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Diese Formel ist erstaunlich, da der Spektralradius eine rein algebraische Größe ist, die lediglich den Begriff der Invertierbarkeit verwendet, die rechte Seite der Spektralradiusformel hingegen ist durch die Norm der Banachalgebra gegeben.
</p><p>Für den Rest dieses Abschnitts sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> kommutativ mit Einselement. Die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c3b750756d33b2e60efd90c59a059d0dae129cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.389ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> aller multiplikativen <a href="Funktional" title="Funktional">Funktionale</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd5df94b46dbadec5eb62e5ab2df03c84eed1cb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.035ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man als das <i>Spektrum</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, oder nach <a href="Israel_Gelfand" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Gelfand">Gelfand</a> auch als <i>Gelfand-Spektrum</i> oder <i>Gelfand-Raum</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Spektrum von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist mit der <a href="Teilraumtopologie" title="Teilraumtopologie">relativen</a> <a href="Schwach-*-Topologie" title="Schwach-*-Topologie">schwach-*-Topologie</a> ein kompakter Raum und die <a href="Gelfand-Transformation" title="Gelfand-Transformation">Gelfand-Transformation</a> vermittelt einen Homomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow C(X_{A})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\rightarrow C(X_{A})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bda3a2f2cbfe0242fb0843ff9cb8dec8f1c52ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.322ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow C(X_{A})}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Banachalgebra der stetigen komplexwertigen Funktionen auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c3b750756d33b2e60efd90c59a059d0dae129cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.389ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{A}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Jedem Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a97387981adb5d65f74518e20b6785a284d7abd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.814ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> wird so eine stetige Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}\colon X_{A}\to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}\colon X_{A}\to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/94da6330e595d457ab10e62941ebb0787a063a49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.945ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}\colon X_{A}\to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> zugeordnet, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}(\varphi )=\varphi (a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}(\varphi )=\varphi (a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b2a8c258888ae801eeaa6f7c04724c2b494ae88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.217ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}(\varphi )=\varphi (a)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Spektrum eines Elementes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a97387981adb5d65f74518e20b6785a284d7abd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.814ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> und das Spektrum der Algebra hängen dann über die Formel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (a)={\hat {a}}(X_{A})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (a)={\hat {a}}(X_{A})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4cacdaeb9355597b250146764e19a61cef78c7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.895ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (a)={\hat {a}}(X_{A})}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammen. Das ist im Artikel über die Gelfand-Transformation ausgeführt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximale_Ideale">Maximale Ideale</h3></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> eine kommutative <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>-Banachalgebra mit Einselement.
Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \in X_{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \in X_{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e53c4ac9d5bc84b23c327dc85ddb0b7849700355.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.75ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \in X_{A}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ker(\varphi )\subset A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ker(\varphi )\subset A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e84d47f88732b76bfbbafd6f375d3932d1d2e702.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ker(\varphi )\subset A}" loading="lazy"></span> ein maximales <a href="Idealoperator" title="Idealoperator">Ideal</a> (mit <a href="Kodimension" title="Kodimension">Kodimension</a> 1).
Ist umgekehrt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\subset A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\subset A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13355dddf228541219705a31b943d8042e45b568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.284ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\subset A}" loading="lazy"></span> ein maximales Ideal, so ist der Abschluss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0e2d2cef85c7247cc507120eb8980b6f2714591.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.68ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wegen der Offenheit der Gruppe der invertierbaren Elemente ein echtes Ideal, also muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0710229995565ef26c49e4290c716bf4e1561626.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.22ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}=M}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten.
Dann ist die Quotientenalgebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A/M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A/M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42317ad001a9c394b804fa8c662f86f5fa8135a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A/M}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Banachalgebra, die ein <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a> ist, und dieser muss nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Gelfand-Mazur" title="Satz von Gelfand-Mazur">Satz von Gelfand-Mazur</a> isomorph zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> sein. Daher ist die <a href="Quotientenabbildung" title="Quotientenabbildung">Quotientenabbildung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow A/M\cong \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\rightarrow A/M\cong \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fa9550e6a5b42208a83aa0549e46a72146f507c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.481ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow A/M\cong \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> ein multiplikatives Funktional mit Kern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Bezeichnet man also die Menge der maximalen Ideale mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Max} (A)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Max</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Max} (A)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70571c9605cb06c5372bd6e9af7ec5750c3d6a92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Max} (A)}" loading="lazy"></span>, so hat man eine bijektive Abbildung:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{A}\to \operatorname {Max} (A),\,\,\,\varphi \mapsto \ker(\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Max</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{A}\to \operatorname {Max} (A),\,\,\,\varphi \mapsto \ker(\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ad7f16ab12702fe4ae21a113c947e8c30081d96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.907ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{A}\to \operatorname {Max} (A),\,\,\,\varphi \mapsto \ker(\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Es besteht damit eine bijektive Beziehung zwischen der Teilmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c3b750756d33b2e60efd90c59a059d0dae129cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.389ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Dualraums und der rein algebraisch definierten Menge der maximalen Ideale.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<ul><li>Anwendung finden Banachalgebren u.&nbsp;a. in der <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">Operatorentheorie</a>, wie sie z.&nbsp;B. in der Quantenfeldtheorie benutzt wird.</li>
<li>Ferner gibt es die Erweiterung zu Von-Neumann-Algebren und Hilbert-Moduln und der abstrakten <a href="K-Theorie_von_Banachalgebren" title="K-Theorie von Banachalgebren">K-</a> und <a href="KK-Theorie" title="KK-Theorie">KK-Theorie</a>, welche auch als <a href="Nichtkommutative_Geometrie" title="Nichtkommutative Geometrie">nichtkommutative Geometrie</a> bezeichnet wird.</li>
<li>Zur Untersuchung lokalkompakter Gruppen zieht man in der harmonischen Analyse die Banachalgebren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e10e36f941f2b8fec8f9c058ebefd8ac69609b97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}" loading="lazy"></span> und die <a href="Gruppen-C*-Algebra" title="Gruppen-C*-Algebra">Gruppen-C*-Algebren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C^{*}(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C^{*}(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e0288cbb1add8aa5d57df49c58c0dc5bc61d457.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.488ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C^{*}(G)}" loading="lazy"></span> heran.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Frank_Bonsall" title="Frank Bonsall">F. F. Bonsall</a>, J. Duncan: <i>Complete Normed Algebras</i> (= <i>Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete.</i> NF Bd. 80). Springer, Berlin u. a. 1973, ISBN 3-540-06386-2.</li>
<li><a href="Richard_Kadison" title="Richard Kadison">Richard V. Kadison</a>, <a href="John_Ringrose" title="John Ringrose">John R. Ringrose</a>: <i>Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras. Special Topics.</i>Academic Press, New York NY u. a.;
<ul><li>Band 1: <i>Elementary Theory</i> (= <i>Pure and applied mathematics.</i> Vol. 100, 1). 1983, ISBN 0-12-393301-3;</li>
<li>Band 2: <i>Advanced Theory</i> (= <i>Pure and applied mathematics.</i> Vol. 100, 2). 1986, ISBN 0-12-393302-1.</li></ul></li>
<li>Masamichi Takesaki: <i>Theory of Operator Algebras I.</i> Springer, Berlin 1979, ISBN 3-540-90391-7 (2nd printing of the 1st edition. (= <i>Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences.</i> Vol. 124 = <i>Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences. Operator Algebras and Non-Commutative Geometry.</i> Vol. 5). Springer, New York u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-540-42248-X).</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-06-06" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Banachalgebra&amp;oldid=256734308">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>

</body></html>